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28-12-2011
Having recently responded to a request for help to try and dig up archive information for what I’ve always known as the Old Fort, I found myself returning to many different ‘histories’ of Shoreham in my quest, so I thought, why not try and bring them together for a brief history of the town in an attempt to explain why it should be considered important enough to warrant its own coastal fortification, also how that need was originally acted upon at least a thousand years ago during Norman times, and quite possibly a thousand years before that when the Romans ruled Brittanica.
Shorehams history will always, inevitably, be linked with the River Adur, but it was a very different river and town as you drift back through the ages. For a start, the river apparently once used to go straight on towards the sea, as it passed by Ropetackle, with the Adur wide, and deep enough to allow ships of war as far upriver as Bramber. Over the centuries, the longshore drift from the west, has successively pushed the river mouth further and further east. This next paragraph, taken from Henry Cheals book, ‘The Ships and Mariners of Shoreham’, (originally written in 1909), gives an eye opening insight as to how this whole area would have once appeared:-
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‘The Adur now passes through the narrow valley–generally known as the Shoreham gap–which in the course of centuries untold it has cut between the chalk hills, and which rise to the east and west in places somewhat abruptly. That this valley was once under the sea-waters of an estuary which extended from Aldrington to St Cuthmans Port (Steyning), and, as we have seen, washed the mound of Bramber Castle, is not difficult to realise; the ancient banks may be easily traced along the road to Botolphs, also in the parish of Coombes; at the Sussex Pad Inn, and in a south-westerly direction at Lower Lancing towards the sea.’
In the remote times, when doubtless the Roman galleys were to be observed riding on the waters of this haven, this valley must have been strikingly beautiful, the slopes of the Downs on either side were then covered with a forest– part of the great Wealden forest of Anderida, which then covered nearly the whole of Sussex, and whose dark jungle and trackless depths were little known. The haven then extended over many acres of now dry land, including the low-lying levels of Lancing opening out into the estuary before named, which was bounded towards the south-east by a large promontory stretching to a point almost opposite Aldrington, where the estuary opened into the channel. The promontory has long been submerged.’
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So there you have it, the sea lapping the shore as far up as Bramber, which was quite possibly known to the Romans as Port Adurni. That there was a Port Adurni in Roman times is not disputed, but unfortunately its exact location as our River Adur, is not proved beyond doubt, as yet, although the evidence is quite strong to support the theory. I’ve often wondered whether there may be archeological evidence directly under Bramber Castle, as presumeably that would have been just as ideal a position for the Romans as it proved to be for the Normans a thousand years later. Perhaps advanced archeological technologies will one day help us to discover one way or another if that were the case.
Between the Romans and the Normans, there came the Saxons, invading these shores during the fifth century, some landing at Cymensora, (Shoreham, is believed to possibly be this site), driving out the ‘Welsh’, as the Saxons referred to the inhabitants. Cymensora is apparently the place in Southern England where according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Ælle of Sussex landed in 477 AD and battled the Welsh with his three sons Cymen, Wlencing and Cissa, Cymensora being named after the eldest son. There is no difinitive proof as to the actual location of Cymensora yet, and the Selsey area is also cited as a possible candidate. It is also to be noted that the Romans had German tribesmen in their legions, and many of them are believed to have stayed in Britain after the Romans left. Combining with the effects of the arrival of even more Angles and Saxons in the following years, it was not long before the indiginous Britons had been driven West, out of this part of England completely, or wiped out, we can only speculate at this time. Perhaps advancing technology will bring some answers to this particular puzzle too.
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Shoreham, and Adur’s history is inevitably linked with ship building, in fact, Shoreham was at one time called Hulksmouth, Hulks being the name for ships centuries back. There is an ancient borough seal inscribed, ‘By this sign of a hulc is Hulcsmouth proclaimed a harbour, and so is right worthily named’. The earliest deed referring to Shoreham as Hulkesmouth is 1302, relating to a right of ferry, ‘across the water of Hulkesmouth’. Hundreds of years later, one of the benefits of Shoreham as a ship building town, was recognised by Navy contractors, who apparently favoured Sussex oak above all else.
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This is a tract from famed writer Daniel Defoe’s three volume book, ‘A tour thro’ the whole island of Great Britain, divided into circuits or journies’, written between 1724 and 1727. After leaving Brighthelmstone (Brighton), Defoe writes:-
‘From hence, still keeping the coast close on the left, we come to Shoreham, a sea-faring town, and chiefly inhabited by ship-carpenters, ship-chandlers, and all the several trades depending upon the building and fitting up of ships, which is their chief business; and they are fam’d for neat building, and for building good sea-boats; that is to say, ships that are wholesome in the sea, and good sailors; but for strong building, they do not come up to Yarmouth, Ipswich, and the north.
The builders of ships seemed to plant here, chiefly because of the exceeding quantity and cheapness of timber in the country behind them; being the same wooded country I mentioned above, which still continues thro’ this county and the next also: The river this town stands upon, tho’ not navigable for large vessels, yet serves them to bring down this large timber in floats from Bramber, Stenning, and the country adjacent; which is as it were all covered with timber.’
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Once eventually the original harbour entrance had been shifted along to its present position, it took the intervention of man to rescue Shorehams position as a viable working harbour, its success later validated by the arrival of the railway in 1840. The by product of the long shore drift which almost finished Shoreham off as a marine trading town, was the peninsula that formed to become what is now Shoreham Beach, or Bungalow Town as it became known in its infancy. This brings me neatly, if not thoroughly, to our Shoreham Redoubt, which is situated right at the end of our peninsula, at the west side of the harbour entrance as it is today.
The importance of Shoreham as one of many possible landing stages for an enemy incursion was recognised in the 1850′s by the then Prime Minister, Lord Palmerston, owing to the perceived possibility of an invasion by the French, and the speed with which an aggressor could reach our shores with the newest steam driven ships. The fortification was completed by 1857, although it is generally accepted that all of these coastal redoubts, and their guns, were obsolete by the time they had been made ready for action. Despite that fact, Shoreham Redoubt would appear to have been permanently garrisonned at least until the 1880′s, with census reports for 1861, 71, and 81, all showing ranks of the Royal Artillary stationed there, often with their families living with them in the barracks. And it would appear from historical records, that the manning of the forts was taken over by Volunteer Forces after 1888.
The Redoubt census reports:-
1861
No1 Officers barracks
Matthew Renham. Master Gunner, Army Artillary. Born 1825 Chesterton, Cambridgeshire
Rebecca ” . Wife. 1827 Cromer, Norfolk
Matthew ” . Son. 1856 Chesterton, Camb’s
Ellen ” . Daughter. 1852 Exeter, Devon
Martha ” . ” 1854 Cromer, Norfolk
Sarah ” . ” . 1859 Tynemouth, Northumberland
Christiana ” . ” . 1860 Devonport, Devon
George Chamberlain. Nephew. 1857 Cromer, Norfolk
No2 Room. Soldiers
Isaac Babe. Bombadier. Born 1824 Ireland
Margaret ” . Wife. 1831 “
Eliza ” . Daughter. 1852 “
Ann ” . ” . 1856 Woolwich, Kent.
Margaret ” . ” . 1859 Glamorgan, Wales
Patrick Kavanagh. Gunner. 1820 Ireland
Mary ” . Wife. 1830 Liverpool.
Frank ” . Son. 1855 Woolwich, Kent
Ciscilie ” . Daughter. 1857 Ireland.
John ” . Son. 1859 Lancing
John Carroll. Gunner. 1831 Manchester
Jane ” . Wife. 1831 Farnham, Surrey
John Garters. Gunner. 1827 Ireland.
Joseph Lunt. ” . 1827 Staffordshire
Luke Parris. ” . 1824 Arlington, Sussex.
Sarah ” . Wife. 1806 Hampshire.
Arthur Porter. Gunner. 1835.
Sarah ” . Wife. 1838 France- British subject
Amelia ” . Daughter. 1857 ” ” “
Eliza ” . ” . 1860 ” ” “
John De Velling. Gunner. 1821 Penzance, Cornwall.
Sarah ” ” . Wife. 1839 Portsmouth, Hampshire.
Frederick W ” ” . Son. 1860 Lancing, Sussex.
Just looking at the dates of birth of the children you can tell they moved about quite regularly, and a number of the locations were in fact towns with their own fortifications similar to the Shoreham Redoubt, while the Woolwich Royal Artillary barracks are known as the home of the Royal Artillary, and, as any Arsenal fan will tell you, where the nickname of ‘The Gunners’ comes from, as they were originally the ‘Woolwich Arsenal’.
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By the time of the 1871 census, it seems curious that there are far fewer families living at the redoubt, just Bombadier Robert Suggett with his wife, Elizabeth, and Gunner John Bicknell, with his wife, Jane, and daughter, Helen. However, there is still the widespread mix of locations from which the Artillary men originate.
1871 Shoreham Redoubt Census report
George Austin. ———- Corporal Royal Artillary. ———– 1837 Shepherdswells, Kent.
Robert Day. ————- Bombadier R A. —————— 1838 Scotland.
Samuel Adams. ———- Gunner R A. ———————- 1841 Liss, Norfolk.
George Hillier. ———— Gunner R A. ———————- 1833 Steeple Ashton, Wilts.
Richard Moulding. ——— Gunner R A. ———————- 1835 Penrith, Cumberland.
John Seymour. ————- Gunner R A. ———————- 1833 Shafford.
Cornelius Shea. ———— Gunner R A. ———————- 1830 Surrey.
John Bicknell. ————– Gunner. R A. ———————- 1833 Willand, Surrey.
Jane Bicknell. —————- Wife. —————————- 1845 Wiltshire.
Helen Bicknell. ————— Daughter. ———————– 1870 Cheriton, Kent.
Robert Suggett. ————- Bombadier R A. —————– 1831 Scotland.
Elizabeth Suggett. ————–Wife. ————————– 1833 Ireland.
Robert Taylor. ————– Master Gunner R A. ————– 1831 Woolwich, Kent.
After checking through the census records, I discovered that John and Jane Bicknell had two more children after Helen, both of them born in Shoreham. The 1881 census shows Jane Bicknell, now a widow, living with Helen, John, and William A Bicknell, in Queen street, Honiton. John, (1872), and William, (1875), places of birth given as Shoreham, Sussex, so it would appear that John and his family were stationed there for at least four years. Unfortunately this family story has a sad ending, as the three children are listed as, ‘Inmates’, living in a Union House by the 1891 census, so I can only presume their mother, Jane, had died by then too. Union House is just another name for a Workhouse, very unpleasant places to be forced to live in.
1881 Shoreham Redoubt Census report.
James Kerr. ————–Corporal Royal Artillary.—————–1837 Ireland.
Mary Kerr. ———————–Wife. ————————— 1845 Ireland.
Mary Kerr. ——————–Daughter. ————————– 1872 Ireland.
Matilda Kerr. ——————— “. ——————————- 1874 Maker, Cornwall.
Richard Kerr. ——————-Son. —————————— 1876 St Ives, Cornwall.
Daniel E Kerr. ——————- ” .——————————– 1878 St John, Cornwall.
Eugenie M Kerr. ————– Daughter. ————————— 1880 St Germans, Cornwall.
George Davis. ————– Bombadier R A.———————– 1843 Windsor, Bucks.
Annie Davis. ——————– Wife. —————————– 1858 Woolwich, Kent.
Annie Davis. —————— Daughter. ————————— 1881 Shoreham, Sussex.
Annie (Guire?). ————- Mother in law. ————————- 1823 Buckinghamshire.
James Beines. —————Gunner R A. ————————— 1840 Killyman, Ireland.
John Moore. —————-Gunner R A. ————————— 1837 Tunbridge, Kent.
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James Kerr and his family turn up in Littlehampton by the 1891 census, and it makes explains a bit more
1891 Littlehampton census:-
Address:-
Battery House, Pier road, Littlehampton
James Kerr. —————- Sergeant R A.————————– 1838 County Antrim, Ireland.
Mary Kerr. ——————–Wife——————————— 1847 County Antrim. Ireland
William Jas. Kerr.——- Son.– Scholar.—————————– 1871 County Antrim, Ireland.
Daniel E Kerr. ———- Son.– Scholar.—————————– 1878 Plymouth, Devon.
Eugenie M Kerr. —–Daughter.-Scholar.—————————– 1881 Ditto. No 4 Redoubt.
Edward M Kerr.——– Son.—Scholar.—————————– 1884 Shoreham, Sussex.
Edith Agatha Kerr. —Daughter.-Scholar.—————————– 1885 Littlehampton, Sussex.
Victoria Kerr.———Daughter.-Scholar.—————————– 1888 Littlehamton, Sussex.
So it would appear, (with Eugenie born at the Redoubt posting in Devon in 1881, Edward being born in Shoreham, 1884, then Edith, born Littlehamton, 1885), that James and his family were stationed at Shoreham for about three years before he was relocated to the Littlehamton Redoubt. James lived out the remainder of his life in Littlehampton, his Probate listing him as a Sussex Army Pensioner, having died on the 31st December 1912, leaving his widow, Mary £217 17 shillings, and 7 pence.
The census reports have built up a picture of life in the Royal Artillary, for some of the Coastal Redoubt Forces at least, and their movements around the country’s coastline defencive fortifications that they manned during their service. This is all I have unearthed so far, but hopefully miliatry records will add to the story later on, but I think that may take a little more digging. Also, Victorians were sticklers for keeping records of everything, so I’d be surprised if there aren’t extensive logs gathering dust somewhere to tell us of the building of these fortifications, the costing, and who carried out the work.